Written  by  Nick  Schonfeld

Smoke Phiri looks like an archetypal henchman. His massive frame towers over his family of nine children. At 50 years old, he seems to have lost none of his strength or virility. As he talks, he gestures confidently with large calloused hands. Smoke is, frankly, a little intimidating. And that’s not surprising, because for two decades, Smoke was a prolific poacher.

Photographer Julia Gunther and I met Smoke while on an IFAW/COMACO project visit to Chikomeni and Mwasemphangwe chiefdoms in eastern Zambia, which form part of the Malawi-Zambia Trans frontier Conservation Area (TFCA). Mostly aimed at female farmers and poachers, the project is a new partnership, started in 2021, between IFAW and COMACO, and is funded by the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ).

As is often the case with multi-partner projects, the name is a bit of a mouthful: “Enhancing Climate Resilience and Cross Border Collaborations in Kasungu/Lukusuzi Trans-frontier Conservation Area (TFCA)”. But its goals are both ambitious and very necessary.

Populated mainly by small-scale, low-income farmers, Chikomeni and Mwasemphangwe chiefdoms are squeezed in between Lukusuzi National Park on the left and Kasungu National Park in Malawi on the right. The two chiefdoms are part of a wildlife corridor between the unfenced parks across which buffalo, hyenas, elephants and countless other species travel up and down throughout the year.

Chronic food insecurity, driven by worsening climate change and the absence of a market for farmers to sell their crops, has forced many into poaching or illegal mining. Those who choose not to, struggle to feed their families for large parts of the year. Add to that the fact that most nights wild animals wander through the farms on their way to or from Kasungu or Lukusuzi, and that farms offer an irresistible supply of food for wildlife, and you have all the ingredients for a classic human-wildlife conflict that makes it very difficult for communities to live in harmony with nature.

Every farm we visited had a corral made of sturdy logs and branches where villagers kept their cattle during the night. Goats were housed on raised platforms and in some places, harvested crops were stored off the ground on drying racks. If left unprotected, jackals or hyenas would cause havoc.

It’s no surprise that the TFCA was a prime hunting ground for poachers like Smoke, who told me he used to kill one or two elephants a week, as well as buffalos, kudu and warthogs. He would sell the ivory as quickly as he could. The bush meat would be eaten or sold at local markets. But that was almost twenty years ago. Smoke stopped poaching in 2003. The reason Smoke stopped is why we are here talking with him in front of his red brick house, surrounded by the fields of sunflowers, soya beans and groundnuts he now grows.

Former poacher Smoke Phiri stands in his maize field in Mwase Mphangwe, Zambia. Photo: Julia Gunther / © IFAW

When I talked to Smoke, and to the other farmers and former poachers we spent time with, they all said the same thing. For people to change, they need a viable alternative. Telling someone to stop poaching when it’s their only source of income, does not work. Lecturing farmers on their destructive farming practices if you don’t show them how to do things differently, does not work. And I can tell you, that after travelling through this remote part of Zambia, where there are precious few markets, where roads are impassable during the rainy season, and where most people run out of food months before they can harvest their next crop, it really is that simple.

This is why COMACO’s approach has been so incredibly effective. If farmers don’t know how to work their land in ways that increases the fertility of the soil, then show them how. If farmers cannot sell their crops because of a lack of access to markets, then create that market.

COMACO retrained Smoke to become a farmer; something he had no experience in – he’d been a poacher since the age of 13. It worked. After being taught new livelihood skills including vegetable gardening, beekeeping, carpentry, poultry and conservation farming, Smoke traded in his .375 rifle and shotgun for a hoe and a few bags of seed, and returned to his home village to start planting. He had undergone a remarkable transformation: from a destructive force to a steward of this important landscape.

Although Smoke is perhaps one of the more dramatic examples of transformation, COMACO doesn’t just focus on poachers. In fact, most of the people they’ve worked with for the past 19 years are traditional farmers who they’ve retrained in smart agricultural techniques; methods, which improve both crop yields and the environment without the use of chemicals or fertilisers.

Carrying a pile of harvested soya beans on her head, Grace Mtonga returns to her family village in Chikomeni, Zambia. Photo: Julia Gunther / © IFAW

Everywhere we went, the farmers were keen to tell me what they had learnt. How to till the land as little as possible by using a ripper instead of building ridges, how to use organic material such as leaves or branches as fertiliser, how to plant nitrogen-fixing trees like Gliricidia sepium, and that keeping groundnuts (peanuts) in their shells is a great way to avoid the spread of aflatoxin- a poisonous fungus that if consumed can lead to serious illness or death. These were simple and affordable solutions that helped increase the quality and quantity of the crops they could grow.

After COMACO buys Smoke’s crops at an above the market price, they ship them to their massive factory in Lundazi, the capital of Lundazi district, along with the harvests of thousands of other farmers. On a tour of the plant, we saw warehouses filled with thousands of tons of rice, groundnuts, maize, soya and beans.

There’s a quality control laboratory and a department that develops new products. At one of several milling stations, we met workers who were rushing to finish a 300-ton order of maize and soya porridge mix for Mary’s Meals, an international non-governmental organisation that runs school feeding programs. With 150 tons per month, COMACO is now Zambia’s largest producer of peanut butter. Dozens of COMACO’s It’s Wild! products line the shelves of supermarkets across Zambia. The scale of it all is impressive.

The positive impact of all these transformations is immediately clear. Thanks to projects like this one, small-scale farmers can earn a living, growing nutritious, chemical-free, high-value crops that provide them with income and food security, while learning how to help care for the land and environment they use.

The project, of course, has its challenges. The catchment area is enormous and many of the farmers live in remote villages.  And, as with any community project, you never get one hundred percent of people to fully commit. But when you look at everything that this project has solved, any remaining issues seem trivial. The benefits are obvious to most. I think that is because many participating farmers share their experiences with others and help recruit new candidates. Many of COMACO’s fieldworkers are farmers themselves, a key element in building the trust you need when implementing a project of this kind.

Smoke is chair of the Transformed Poachers Association and travels to Lundazi prison to coach incarcerated poachers. The other two former poachers we spoke to, Ronald Mwale and Edison Mphande Phiri (he is not related to Smoke) seemed to be extremely happy to have stopped. Not only do they make more money as farmers, but growing crops is also a lot safer. On the last poaching trip he ever organised, Ronald and four fellow hunters ran into a ranger patrol. During the ensuing firefight, all four of his companions were killed.

Elita Mwale and her family harvest peanuts on their farm in Chikomeni, Zambia. Photo: Julia Gunther / © IFAW

Elita Mwale, a female farmer with seven children, proudly showed us her new house, her ripper, her two oxen, her ox cart and the shop she was building on land she had bought – all paid for with the money she made by selling her crops to COMACO.

Last year, in 2021, the start of the rains was delayed. Fainess Mgulude could not harvest her crops until later in the season. In previous years, a delayed harvest would have been catastrophic for Fainess, a widow with five children. But since she started using the methods she learnt from COMACO, she has not run out of food once. The delay in rains no longer impacts her as she has enough to last her through the entire year.

There are plenty more examples. You can see the change everywhere in the TFCA. From elephants to sunflowers, from rammed earth to iron sheets, from ridges to ripping, from hunger to surplus, from outlaw to advocate.

But I write about Smoke, Ronald, Edison, Fainess and Elita not for effect or emphasis. I write about them because they deserve to be recognised for the transformation they went through. Because for them, and the many thousands of others whose existence depends entirely on their relationship with the natural world around them, it’s a game-changer.

COMACO sees small-scale farmers as critical to a Zambian Green Economy where commerce grows, biodiversity drives, and greenhouse gas emissions reduce. Making this happen requires a strong partnership between the private sector and small-scale farmers committed to ecologically sustainable practices driven by market incentives.  19 years developing such an approach have given COMACO a strong platform for helping build a Green Economy for Zambia.

We congratulate our new President, H.E. Hakainde Hichilema, for his visionary leadership to reverse years of land degradation and biodiversity loss in Zambia that have dragged rural communities into hardships.  With a Green Economy, this does not happen.  Instead, a nation prospers in balance with Nature. In this blog we share our approach with insights for a government ready to take the right steps.

Years of misinformation that chemical inputs will sustain smallholders’ livelihoods have proven false and expensive.  Failed farms abound that have fueled an urban migration, swelling townships with chronic poverty, leaving others dependent on charcoal or game meat to make ends meet. COMACO is solving these problems.

We first organize farmers into “producer learning groups” and provide year-round training on nature-based ways to replenish soil nutrients and restore life back to the soils.  These practices return organic matter, mostly crop residues, back to the soil and use specific tree species to recycle critical nutrients and fix nitrogen to feed the crops.  Within 2-3 years we help farmers eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers, which are a major source of greenhouse gases and global warming and can cost farmers as much as 25% of their annual income.

For each of the 86 chiefdoms COMACO supports, we organize these producer groups into cooperatives whose leaders help encourage these practices.  COMACO strengthens compliance to these practices by paying farmers premium prices for crops produced in this way to manufacture into our chemical-free, It’s Wild! branded food products.  From their annual membership fees, these cooperatives eventually take over farmer training with their own community trainers.  To date, COMACO has established 91 such cooperatives.  Compared to pre-COMACO statistics, farmer income has more than tripled and food insecurity is far less a risk.

An important outcome is that farmers become sedentary because healthy soils allow continuous harvests, especially if rotation with legume crops is practiced in tandem with soil-enriching trees.  COMACO manufactures legumes like groundnuts, soybeans and cowpeas into value-added products to help make this happen.  With more sedentary farmers, fewer trees are cut down, and communities are able to benefit from forest products like honey and wild mushrooms, adding more market incentives to forest protection.

This relationship between farmers and forests is a critical one because it underpins another major market opportunity for building a Green Economy – sale of carbon credits.  For the past seven years COMACO has helped communities realize these market returns as farmers use their new farming skills to put carbon into the soil and keep carbon in trees by not clearing and burning them. Even consumption of firewood from local forests for cooking is eliminated by using fuel-efficient stoves that COMACO distributes that use off-cuts from the trees that farmers use to fertilize their soils.

COMACO calculates the tonnage of reduced emissions of CO₂ relative to emissions would have occurred without these interventions.  To date, we have achieved over 4 million tons of reduced CO₂ emissions. The amount will likely double over the next three years as more chiefdoms demonstrate their CO₂ emission reductions to help fight global warming and be compensated with carbon payments in excess of $2 million annually.

With these positive impacts on farmer incomes, increased community earnings from carbon, and market growth from the sale of It’s Wild! products, COMACO contributes to a net income flow into the Zambian economy of over $10 million annually.  We estimate a comparable potential amount saved by avoided fertilizer costs.    COMACO’s ability to sustain and scale this level of impact is made possible because it operates in Zambia as a non-profit social enterprise.  COMACO’s goal is to make conservation profitable for small-scale farmers and not make profits for itself.  Our bottom-line target is sustainability.

COMACO is ready to join our new Zambian President to help bring a Green Economy to the Zambian people to a national scale.  For 19 years COMACO has waited for this opportunity.  It is an auspicious time for conservation where we can all unite – traditional leaders, farmers, private sector, and consumers – to help our President on this important journey.

Dale Lewis, CEO